LFMDiff: generation of Chinese traditional landscape paintings based on diffusion model

Abstract To address the challenges in generating traditional Chinese landscape paintings—such as complex hierarchical composition, difficulty in capturing brushwork details, and insufficient stylistic coherence—this study proposes LFMDiff, a diffusion-based generative framework. The model employs a hierarchical local LoRA mechanism to preserve global composition while enhancing local hierarchical and textural details. It further introduces dynamic rank and dynamic alpha mechanisms to adaptively allocate model capacity between easily learned and complex features. In addition, an adversarial adaptive flow and a multi-scale maximum mean discrepancy constraint are integrated to improve latent space alignment and stylistic consistency across multiple granularities. A dedicated dataset, CTLPD, is also constructed for model training and evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that LFMDiff achieves superior performance in global composition, brushstroke hierarchy, and fine-grained detail generation, offering new insights into the integration of artificial intelligence and traditional painting styles.