Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Coxsackie B Virus among Patients With Diabetes Type-1 In Jigawa State

Type-1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis is either initiated or accelerated by human enteroviruses, particularly Coxsackie viruses. Because the structural makeup of the virus's viral protein 2 C (P2-C) and the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantigen in human beta-cells is similar, Coxsackie B viruses are one of the primary causes of type 1 diabetes. The study identified the molecular presence of the Coxsackie B virus and ascertained its seroprevalence in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. From March 2023 to January 2024, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three hospitals in Jigawa State: Dutse General Hospital, Hadejia General Hospital, and Ringim General Hospital. Ninety blood samples from diabetes patients who gave their consent were collected from the research facilities. Blood sugar levels exceeding 200 mg/dL or 11.1mmol/L were used to diagnose type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in patients based on clinical characteristics. IgM indirect ELISA detection against the GAD65 autoantibody in the patients' serum was used to confirm the diagnosis of T1DM. The virus was also detected by IgM detection and molecular technique (RT-PCR). Out of 90 blood samples, 52% of all samples of T1D patients were positive for Anti-GAD65. 11 were positive for the CBV IgM antibody, indicating a prevalence of 12.2% of T1D patients across all patient groups. The RT-PCR results indicated the presence of the RNA genome of Coxsackie B virus in the serum of some T1DM patients, with a prevalence of 2.2% (2/90), as indicated by the detection of the VP1 gene. The findings demonstrated that in Jigawa state, CBV is not the most likely causative agent of T1D; rather, risk variables for the disease include sex, age, educational attainment, parental status, and the mechanism of disease acquisition and residency. However, other factors may be taken into consideration in future research. To lower the prevalence or eradicate the disease, it may be advisable to conduct more studies on the various causative agents of T1D and to provide early treatment for affected individuals. Additionally, relevant agencies should establish public awareness campaigns on the impacts of the disease.