Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in an Egyptian cohort: clinical, functional, and ultrasonographic features with insights into nodule risk

HT shows heterogeneous clinical presentations, with subclinical hypothyroidism predominating. Compressive symptoms are more common in patients with nodules. Ultrasound and FNAC are essential for the management of nodules with HT and can help prevent unnecessary surgery. Older age, larger thyroid volume, and a positive familial history of goiter and/or thyroid cancer are major predictors for nodularity. The malignancy rate is ~2%, with microcalcifications strongly associated with malignancy.