Silver Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are tiny particles of silver, typically measuring between 1 and 100 nanometers. Their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties have led to their widespread use in various fields, including medicine, electronics, textiles, and environmental science. one of the most remarkable features of AgNPs is their strong antimicrobial activity, which allows them to effectively combat a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This property has been utilized in medical products such as wound dressings, coatings for medical devices, and water purification systems. Beyond their antimicrobial capabilities, AgNPs possess notable optical, electrical, and catalytic properties, making them valuable in the development of biosensors, conductive materials, and catalysts for various industrial processes. the synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be achieved through physical, chemical, and biological (green) methods. Physical methods, such as laser ablation and evaporation-condensation, often require sophisticated equipment and significant energy input. Chemical methods, particularly chemical reduction, are widely used due to their simplicity and efficiency but may involve toxic reagents. In contrast, biological methods utilize natural sources like plant extracts, bacteria, and fungi to produce AgNPs in an eco-friendly manner, reducing the reliance on hazardous chemicals.