Laparoscopic spays in dogs and cats

Laparoscopic ovariectomy in bitches was first described 1984. Since then, different minimally-invasive techniques were developed for dogs and cats using variable number of ports, endoscopes, electrocoagulation devices and recumbencies. Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy, transvaginal laparoscopic ovariectomy and transvaginal laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy are possible in cats and dogs. Transvaginal laparoscopic ovariectomy was described to be comparable to laparoscopic ovariectomy in terms of intra- and postoperative complications. Advantages include no scarring, a shorter convalescence period and less postoperative pain in comparison to laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic ovariectomy can be combined with gastropexy which can be advantageous for large breeds. Minimally-invasive surgery is also useful for the removal of ovarian remnants. In male dogs, the removal of abdominal testes and vasectomy can be performed using endoscopic laparotomy. The advantages of endoscopic surgery include an excellent view, less intraoperative haemorrhage and in most cases, less operation time and less postoperative pain than laparotomic surgery. Reduction to one port creates less trauma and postoperative pain. Intraoperative complications of endoscopic surgery may include haemorrhages, injury to the spleen and ovarian remnants. Postoperative complications can include pain, wound dehiscence, infection, wound seroma, cystitis and urinary incontinence. Endoscopic gonadectomy is recommended but requires a special equipment and training.