Key parameters in canine and feline urinalysis: a review

Urinalysis is an inexpensive and invaluable diagnostic tool in small animal practice, providing critical insights into systemic health and urinary tract conditions. A complete urinalysis includes evaluation of physical properties (colour, odour, clarity, urine specific gravity), chemical properties (via dipstick) and microscopic examination. Proper sample collection, handling and analysis are essential, as various factors can influence results. Standardising protocols across all stages of urinalysis ensures accuracy and consistency. While automated urine chemistry and sediment analysers enhance reliability, awareness of their limitations and proper usage is crucial for optimal outcomes.