Determinants of childhood stunting in Indonesia: insights from the 1997 and 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) and implications for targeted interventions

Malnutrition, particularly stunting, is a significant global health issue and a leading cause of death in children under five years of age. Despite efforts to combat hunger, many underdeveloped countries have faced persistent food security challenges. Stunting arises directly from inadequate food intake, with underlying causes, such as poverty, lack of education, and social or cultural factors. This study analyzed the factors associated with stunting among Indonesian children aged 24–60 months using cross-sectional data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2 and 5. The number of samples in IFLS 2 was 826 and that in IFLS 5 was 2,571.The variables analyzed included child, maternal, paternal, household, and community factors. Stunting was assessed using the Z-score of the child height-for-age based on gender. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Significant factors associated with stunting included child age, low birth weight, incomplete antenatal care, poor sanitation, provision of complementary food, and the absence of a Mother and Child Health Book or Health Card. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to improve maternal nutrition, promote exclusive breastfeeding, enhance healthcare access, improve sanitation, and increase household spending on animal sources and diverse foods. This study highlights the need for comprehensive solutions to combat stunting, such as improving access to nutritious food, enhancing healthcare services, and educating communities on healthy eating habits. Further research is essential to uncover additional contributing factors and to develop effective strategies. Addressing child malnutrition and stunting is vital for improving health outcomes and reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases later in life.