Engaging citizens in vulnerable positions in co-production of welfare services

This article explores how citizens in vulnerable positions can be involved in co-production processes within social services. By reviewing existing literature and applying Nabatchi et al.’s (2017) typology of ‘who, when, and what’ of co-production, we highlight both the potentials and pitfalls of engaging these citizens in public welfare co-production. The article is based on a narrative literature review, combining systematic and snowballing methods to identify relevant studies. The literature reveals a gap between political focus on co-production and the practical involvement of citizens in vulnerable positions. However, our analysis also provides illustrative examples of successful engagement practices. The article concludes with recommendations for professionals on co-producing with citizens in vulnerable positions, thereby enabling the production of welfare services that are more relevant and equitable for the end-users.