Nonlinear phase-resolved ocean wave simulation with ensemble Kalman filter

This work establishes a nonlinear phase-resolved wave simulation framework that assimilates observations through the ensemble Kalman filter - pseudospectral Fourier-Legendre (EnKF-PFL) approach. The key image shows that it consistently suppresses the error growth of the PFL-only model and achieves close agreement with reference wave profiles for both regular and irregular waves. It further demonstrates robust performance under highly nonlinear conditions and strong disturbances, where conventional models deteriorate. A consistent set of optimal assimilation parameters is also identified, enabling a practical and predictive strategy for accurate ocean wave forecasting.