Integrative Approach and Innovative Strategies for Neurophysiology-Based Functional Training

PURPOSE: This narrative review aimed to explore the theoretical foundations, practical applications, and technological advancements of functional training (FT), emphasizing its role in enhancing neuromuscular integration, coordination, and movement quality beyond traditional hypertrophy- and strength-focused resistance training.METHODS: A descriptive literature review was conducted using studies published from 2005 to 2024 sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Study selection was partially informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, focusing on the theoretical principles, application methods, and functional outcomes of FT.RESULTS: FT is defined as a goal-oriented and individualized approach that improves movement efficiency and physical capacity through multiplanar, neuromuscular integrated tasks. Grounded in motor control theory and neuroplasticity, FT elicits synaptic reorganization and cortical adaptation. Load monitoring strategies, such as acute-to-chronic workload ratio, support injury prevention and training optimization. Additionally, wearable sensors, motion analysis, and artificial intelligence-based digital twin systems enable real-time feedback and personalized interventions.CONCLUSIONS: Functional training represents a paradigm shift toward holistic, neurologically informed, technology-integrated exercise strategies. Its potential for rehabilitation, performance enhancement, and preventive health underscores the need for future longitudinal and techology-based research to validate and optimize its application.