State-of-the-Art of Ad Hoc/Sensor Networks for Ophthalmic Devices: Communication and Energy Efficiency

To meet the challenges of ophthalmic disease diagnosis and treatment, ophthalmic implants/wearable devices have great potential in continuous monitoring and intelligent diagnosis and treatment. This article focuses on the communication protocols and energy-efficient design of self-organizing networks in such devices, aiming to overcome stringent constraints such as miniaturization, biosafety, ultra-low power consumption, and dynamic communication. The content covers physical layer characteristics, MAC layer and routing layer optimization, network security mechanisms, and energy-saving strategies such as wireless power supply, low-power hardware, intelligent power management, efficient data processing, and cross-layer collaboration. Looking to the future, intelligence, energy self-sufficiency, biosafety, multifunctional integration, and standardization are the main trends and challenges, and multidisciplinary cross-innovation is urgently needed to promote technological development and improve visual health.