Diversity and biogeography of goby: based on mitochondrial COI sequences of goby from Tondano River Estuary, Manado Bay, Indonesia

Species identification is crucial for preventing extinction, especially as urbanization and changes threaten marine biodiversity in the Tondano River Estuary, Manado Bay, Indonesia. This study uses mitochondrial COI DNA sequences to explore genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns of goby fish, building on previous research in Sumatra. We analyzed 36 sequences, marking the first identification of this species in the estuary. BLAST analysis shows that the goby population shares 92.52% genetic similarity with Glossogobius coatesi from Papua New Guinea. The low genetic distance variation (4.36%) suggests minimal evolutionary divergence due to local adaptations and stable conditions. Our findings align with broader biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia, indicating historical connections facilitated by ancient land bridges and ocean currents. Identifying G. coatesi enhances our understanding of goby biogeography in the Indo-Pacific and underscores the need for conservation efforts in this vital aquatic habitat. The genetic data can also inform future conservation strategies.