The role of fin–PCM integration in enhancing photovoltaic performance

The efficiency and longevity of photovoltaic (PV) systems are fundamentally constrained by excessive operating temperatures, which reduce electrical output and accelerate material degradation. To address this issue, this study systematically reviews the integration of fin–Phase Change Material (fin–PCM) as a passive cooling strategy that enhances thermal and electrical performance. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 framework, covering 42 eligible studies published between 2020 and 2025, selected through a rigorous inclusion–exclusion process across four major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and IEEE Xplore). Each study was evaluated based on technical, economic, and environmental performance indicators to provide an integrated understanding of the technology’s potential and limitations. The findings indicate that fin–PCM configurations can increase thermal efficiency by up to 18.7% and reduce PV module peak temperatures by as much as 15 °C compared to conventional systems. These improvements result in an average electrical efficiency gain of 2.8%, with the best performance observed in porous and fractal fin geometries. However, a clear trade-off exists between technical enhancement and implementation complexity, as simpler straight-fin designs are more commercially ready (TRL 8). In contrast, advanced fin–PCM systems remain at early development levels (TRL 4). Economic analysis reveals that current configurations require an additional investment of approximately USD 350/kW, leading to a 16–17-year payback period and negative Net Present Value (NPV) under baseline conditions. Nevertheless, sensitivity-based optimization suggests that lowering costs below USD 250/kW and improving thermal efficiency beyond 22% can achieve an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of around 28% within 15 years, making the technology economically feasible. In conclusion, the integration of fin–PCM presents a promising pathway for improving PV system stability, efficiency, and sustainability. The study recommends phased commercialization beginning with industrial and commercial applications where high-value heat demand aligns with fin–PCM advantages. Future research should focus on large-scale field validation, cost-reduction strategies, and life cycle assessment to accelerate the transition of fin–PCM from laboratory innovation to market-ready renewable energy solutions. • Fin–PCM cooling enhances PV thermal efficiency by 18.7% vs conventional modules. • Module peak temperature drops by 15 °C, improving electrical efficiency by 2.8%. • Optimal design: porous fins, PCM 25–35 °C, thermal conductivity 0.2–0.5 W/m K. • Cost < USD 250/kW & efficiency > 20% needed for positive NPV and IRR >25%. • Industrial and commercial segments offer the highest market adoption potential.