Silencing of BCL11A by disrupting enhancer-dependent epigenetic insulation

The transcription factor BCL11A is a genetically and clinically validated regulator of the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch in human erythroid cells. CRISPR editing of an intronic enhancer within the BCL11A gene reactivates fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in adult erythroid cells, serving as the first CRISPR-based therapy for β-hemoglobinopathies. However, the molecular basis for the remarkable efficacy of CRISPR-mediated enhancer ablation remains elusive. Here, we describe a new genome architecture, an enhancer-dependent chromatin rosette, that is essential for epigenetic insulation and the developmentally regulated, hematopoietic lineage-specific expression of BCL11A. CRISPR-mediated disruption of the BCL11A erythroid enhancer impairs transcription of enhancer-driven RNAs and NIPBL-dependent cohesin loading, leading to the destabilization of the rosette structure, loss of chromatin insulation, and epigenetic silencing of BCL11A. Moreover, targeted depletion of enhancer RNAs using antisense oligonucleotides silences BCL11A by disrupting epigenetic insulation, causing HbF reactivation in adult erythroid cells. These findings uncover an essential role for enhancer-driven epigenetic insulation in transcriptional control, presenting a new strategy for the therapeutic targeting of BCL11A.