An Immune-Structural Adaptive Response for Viability of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage Supply Chains

The viability of supply chains is a central challenge in environments marked by frequent disruptions, extreme uncertainty, and rising sustainability requirements. While literature has advanced in integrating resilience and sustainability, predominant methods—mainly robust or stochastic optimization—focus on predefined scenarios and offer only a partial view of adaptive capacity. This emphasis on known–unknowns leaves unresolved how to ensure continuity, efficient recovery, and organizational learning under unexpected or unknown–unknown events. A methodological gap therefore persists in evaluating and designing supply chains that not only withstand disruptions but also retain essential goals, autonomously activate responses, and reorganize with acceptable costs and times. This study introduces the Immune-Structural Adaptive Response (RAIE) methodology, inspired by the human immune system. RAIE provides an evaluation framework combining properties such as early detection, minimal redundancy, adaptive memory, and structural reconfiguration, operationalized through dynamic metrics: goal retention, autonomous activation, adaptation cost, recovery time, and service loss. Applied to Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) supply chains, RAIE reduced service-loss area (Rₐᵣₑₐ) by 40–65% and recovery time (TTR) by 30–45%, while keeping adaptation costs below 2% of total expenditures. Unlike traditional stochastic or robust models, RAIE explicitly embeds endogenous responses and post-shock reorganization, producing more viable configurations that balance efficiency and resilience. The results deliver actionable guidance for strategic and tactical decision-making in highly uncertain environments.