All-optical magnetization switching of GdFe by double-pulse laser excitation

The tremendous interest in the technology and underlying physics of all-optical switching of magnetization brings up the question of how fast the switching can occur and how high the frequency of writing the data with ultrafast laser pulses can be. To answer this question, we excited a GdFe ferrimagnetic alloy, the magnetization of which can be reversed by single laser pulses, a phenomenon known as toggle switching, by two pulses with a certain time delay in between. Using photoemission electron microscopy and Kerr microscopy for magnetic domain imaging, we explore the effects of varying fluences of the first and second pulse as well as the time delay between the two pulses. Our results show that when the fluence of the first pulse is adjusted just above the threshold of single-pulse switching, a second pulse with about <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <a:mrow> <a:mn>60</a:mn> <a:mspace width="0.16em"/> <a:mo>%</a:mo> </a:mrow> </a:math> of the fluence of the first pulse, arriving only <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <c:mrow> <c:mn>3</c:mn> <c:mspace width="0.16em"/> <c:mi mathvariant="normal">p</c:mi> <c:mi mathvariant="normal">s</c:mi> </c:mrow> </c:math> later, switches the magnetization back. This reswitching persists up to about <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <g:mrow> <g:mn>40</g:mn> <g:mspace width="0.16em"/> <g:mi mathvariant="normal">p</g:mi> <g:mi mathvariant="normal">s</g:mi> </g:mrow> </g:math> pulse separation. We interpret the latter as the time required for the sample to cool down and remagnetize after the first pulse. For shorter time delays below about <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <k:mrow> <k:mn>2</k:mn> <k:mspace width="0.16em"/> <k:mi mathvariant="normal">p</k:mi> <k:mi mathvariant="normal">s</k:mi> </k:mrow> </k:math> , no reswitching occurs. However, the effect of the two pulses adds up, enabling switching for fluences of both pulses below the threshold for single-pulse switching. Atomistic spin dynamics simulations are used to model the experimental data, successfully confirming our results.