Green Synthesis Innovations and Robust Stabilization of Perovskite Quantum Dots for Sustainable High-Efficiency LED Technologies

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are promising for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to their high photoluminescence quantum yields (up to 97.64%) and tunable emission (360–710 nm). However, toxicity, instability, and scalability limit their use. This review explores green synthesis and stabilization strategies for sustainable PQD-based LEDs. Eco-friendly methods, such as ethyl acetate-based synthesis, tartaric acid-assisted reprecipitation, and solvent-free ball milling, achieve high PLQYs (e.g., 88.24% for CH3NH3PbBr3) with low environmental impact. Lead-free PQDs, such as Cs3Bi2Br9, provide vibrant emission (400–560 nm) and stability for over 60 days. Stabilization techniques, including borophosphate glass encapsulation (94% photoluminescence (PL) retention after 240 h in water), silica coatings, and nontoxic ion doping (Mn2+, Bi3+), improve resistance to moisture and heat. Hybrid approaches deliver external quantum efficiency (EQEs) up to 27.1% and operational lifetimes of 1001.1 min for CsPbI3 LEDs. These enable wide-color-gamut displays (128% NTSC), deep-blue LEDs, flexible optoelectronics, and anticounterfeiting applications. Recycling strategies using recovered PbI2 support circular economy principles. These advancements enhance commercial viability through scalable, cost-effective synthesis, positioning PQDs for eco-conscious optoelectronic applications.