Mouth Breathing and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: An Umbrella Review

Background: Mouth breathing and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children are interrelated conditions that can negatively impact neurocognitive development and overall quality of life. This study aimed to critically analyze the available evidence regarding the relationship between these conditions, highlighting their prevalence, clinical consequences, and therapeutic approaches. Methods: To this end, an umbrella review was conducted, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses retrieved from scientific databases, following rigorous inclusion criteria. Results: A total of six systematic reviews met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. These studies explored various aspects of the topic and underwent a thorough assessment of methodological quality. Conclusions: The findings indicated that mouth breathing may act as both a predisposing and aggravating factor for OSA, while OSA itself may contribute to the persistence of this breathing pattern. However, the methodological heterogeneity among the included studies posed a challenge to synthesizing the findings, underscoring the need for more standardized research. It is concluded that early interventions and multidisciplinary approaches are essential for the effective management of these conditions. Furthermore, this review provides a foundation for future research in this area.