ABC Transporters, APOE, CYP46A1, and LRP1 Gene Polymorphisms as Markers of Dementia Development in Patients with Hyperlipidemia

In an aging society, solving problems associated with the diagnosis and treatment of dementia-related diseases represents a serious challenge. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of applying molecular biology methods to test polymorphisms recognized in the global literature as potentially useful in assessing the risk of developing dementia in a group of patients with hyperlipidemia. A sample of 203 patients: 109 diagnosed with both dementia and hyperlipidemia, 94 with hyperlipidemia, and 101 individuals as an allele frequency control group-were genotyped. Additional data about cognitive decline and neuropsychological assessment were collected. Among all the studied polymorphisms, the frequency of the <i>ABCA1</i> rs2230806 polymorphism differed between the analyzed groups. The GG genotype (<i>p</i> = 0.0002, RR = 3.22, CI = 1.63 ÷ 6.37) and the G allele (<i>p</i> = 0.0007, RR = 1.53, CI = 1.19 ÷ 1.97) were more frequent in patients diagnosed with dementia, specifically in those with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the GG genotype was more common in individuals with a shorter disease duration and lower scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale, and consequently, with greater cognitive function deficits during early stages of the diagnostic process. <i>ABCA1</i> rs2230806 genotyping is a potential marker for the early identification of dementia risk in patients with hyperlipidemia, which supports the validity of exploring options for incorporating diagnostics based on molecular biology methods.