Fractal Characterization of Permeability Evolution in Fractured Coal Under Mining-Induced Stress Conditions

Permeability evolution is one of the key parameters influencing the efficient exploitation of deep unconventional energy resources, as it reflects the dynamic development of pore-fracture structures under complex engineering effects. Using fractal geometry to describe the pore-fracture system, rock permeability enhancement can be quantitatively evaluated. In this study, fractured coal specimens were analyzed under simulated mining-induced stress relief and CH4 release conditions based on fractal geometry theory. The permeability-enhancement rate was derived and verified through CT (Computed Tomography) characterization of the pore-fracture network. The fractal dimension of the fracture aperture distribution and the tortuosity of fracture paths were determined to establish a fractal permeability-enhancement model, and its sensitivity was analyzed. The results indicate that permeability evolution undergoes four distinct stages: a stable stage, a slow-growth stage, a rapid-growth stage, and a stable or declining stage. The mining-induced stress relief and gas desorption effects significantly accelerate permeability enhancement, providing new insights into the mechanisms governing gas flow and pressure relief in deep coal seams. The proposed model, highly sensitive to the fracture aperture ratio (λmin/λmax), reveals that a smaller aperture span leads to greater permeability enhancement during the damage and fracture stage. These findings offer practical guidance for predicting permeability evolution, optimizing gas drainage design, and enhancing the safety and efficiency of coal mining and methane extraction operations.