Factors affecting fuel-wood consumption in the central highlands and conservation drawbacks to the montane forest system in Sri Lanka

The montane forests of Sri Lanka’s central highlands are biodiversity hotspots and critical water catchments, yet they are increasingly threatened by unsustainable fuelwood consumption. This study aimed to identify the key factors influencing household fuelwood use in the region and assess its impacts on forest ecosystems. Data were collected through household surveys, field observations, and secondary records across selected communities in the central highlands. Results indicate that population growth, low household income, reliance on traditional cooking methods, and limited access to alternative energy sources are the primary drivers of high fuelwood demand. Monthly per capita fuelwood consumption was found to be substantial, with a significant portion sourced directly from nearby forest patches. This extraction contributes to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and biodiversity loss, while also impairing the forests’ water retention capacity, thereby increasing soil erosion and downstream water scarcity. Addressing these challenges requires integrated conservation strategies, promotion of energy-efficient technologies, and community-based interventions to balance livelihood needs with forest conservation.