Mesenchymal stem cells in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction resulting from a maladaptive host response to infection and remains a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Organ dysfunction frequently occurs as a sepsis complication, exacerbating systemic inflammation and contributing to increased mortality. Current treatment modalities for sepsis-induced organ dysfunction (SIOD) are limited to infection control, organ function support, and anti-inflammatory interventions. However, their effectiveness is limited. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory and regenerative properties and offer a promising therapeutic approach for addressing SIOD syndrome through diverse mechanisms. This review elucidates the pathophysiological basis of SIOD, investigates the potential mechanisms and therapeutic applications of MSCs in the management of SIOD, and outlines existing challenges to underpin future MSC-based strategies for sepsis-induced organ injury treatment.