Intelligent motor drive systems for electric vehicles: energy-efficient control of induction machines using field-oriented strategies

Electric vehicles (EVs) are transforming modern transportation by offering an environmentally sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles. Enhancing the overall efficiency of EVs requires careful selection of motor drive systems and the implementation of advanced control strategies. The motor and its drive system serve as the foundation of EV propulsion, directly influencing performance and energy consumption. This review examines various electric motor types to identify the most suitable option for EV applications. Among them, induction motors (IMs) have emerged as a robust and cost-effective solution, currently used in approximately 30–35% of EVs – following permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and brushless DC motors (BLDCs). Advances in control methodologies, particularly the adoption of field-oriented control (FOC), have significantly improved the dynamic response, torque precision, and energy efficiency of IMs. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into motor control has introduced intelligent, adaptive systems capable of responding effectively to real-time driving conditions.