Taxonomic and functional shifts in the rumen microbiome of buffalo calves under long-term strategic supplementation of phyto-feed additives

The inclusion of phyto-additives in the buffalo diet influenced the rumen microbiome composition by reducing methanogen populations, particularly <i>Methanobrevibacter</i>, and enhancing fiber-degrading microbial communities. These microbial shifts were associated with improved fiber utilization and decreased methane emissions. Rotating the additives every 15 days appeared to sustain their efficacy over time, potentially by preventing microbial adaptation. This approach may offer a sustainable strategy to optimize rumen function and reduce enteric methane emissions in ruminants.