Assessing transportation route efficiency in solid waste collection: a mixed-methods study from Wa Municipality, Ghana

Efficient transportation routes are essential for sustainable solid waste management, particularly in rapidly urbanizing municipalities. This study employed a mixed methods approach to assess the efficiency of waste collection routes in the Wa Municipality, Ghana. Findings reveal a statistically significant association between road conditions, route markings, and waste collection frequency (p < 0.001), underscoring infrastructure as a critical determinant of service efficiency. Poorly maintained roads and unmarked routes were linked to lower collection frequencies and reduced accessibility of waste collection points. Weather variability, inadequate institutional collaboration, and resource constraints were identified as key predictors of collection delays. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis highlighted latent constructs including infrastructure reliability, operational bottlenecks, and policy effectiveness. Qualitative insights emphasized recurring themes such as road deterioration, scheduling inefficiencies, and limited public awareness, which were visually captured through word mapping. The results underscore the need for integrated, context-specific interventions that combine infrastructural investment with institutional coordination and community engagement. This study contributes valuable evidence for municipal policymakers, waste service providers, and urban planners aiming to optimize solid waste logistics and improve environmental health outcomes in similar urban settings.