Grape Seed Extract Mitigated Glyphosate-Based Herbicides' Toxicity In Common Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio L.)

This study evaluated the protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE) against toxicity caused by GBH in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Thirty-six juvenile carp were split up into six groups, which included negative and positive controls, as well as treatments with dietary GSE (20 and 30 g/kg) either before or after GBH exposure. Growth performance and histological changes in the liver, kidney, and gill tissues, as well as hematological and biochemical markers, were assessed. The results showed that glyphosate exposure resulted in considerable tissue damage, altered haematological and immunological indices, interfered with biochemical indicators, and markedly reduced body weight. GSE administration restored haematological and immunological cell profiles, normalized biochemical values, reduced histopathological lesions, and markedly boosted weight growth in a dose-dependent manner. Preventive GSE delivery outperformed post-exposure therapy, and higher dosages provide nearly complete protection. Bioactive compounds that found by GC-MS analysis, such as procyanidins and flavonoids, most likely cause these anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. All of these findings demonstrate that dietary GSE decreases the oxidative stress and organ damage caused by glyphosate in carp, suggesting that it could be utilized as an eco-friendly, natural feed supplement to boost fish resilience in aquaculture.