Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi): Biological and Pharmacological Perspectives

Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional mushroom with a long history of usage in East Asian medicine and rising recognition worldwide as a functional and nutritional food. This review highlights the pharmacological properties, bioactive components, and therapeutic effects of G. lucidum. Triterpenoids, polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds are among its primary components, exhibiting various medicinal effects, including immunomodulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. These compounds modulate immune responses, suppress oxidative stress, and enhance the ability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and regulate metabolic processes. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest promising applications of G. lucidum in cancer therapy, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and as an adjuvant to conventional treatments. However, concerns still exist regarding potential toxicity at high concentrations, drug interactions, and the need for standardized extracts. Overall, G. lucidum represents a valuable natural source for treatment, warranting further well-designed clinical trials and molecular studies to understand its traditional uses in evidence-based medicine.