The Discovery of MVT-like Ga-Enriched Sphalerite from the Zhaojinci Area in the South Hunan District (South China)

Gallium (Ga) enrichment in sphalerite has been widely recognized; however, its enrichment mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. The South Hunan district, located at the intersection of the Nanling Region and the Qin-Hang Metallogenic Belt in South China, is characterized by abundant Jurassic magmatic-hydrothermal Pb–Zn deposits, which typically host Ga-depleted sphalerite. Recently, Ga-enriched sphalerite (up to 385 ppm by LA-ICP-MS) has been identified in newly drilled cores at Zhaojinci, adding complexity to the regional Pb–Zn metallogenic framework. EPMA elemental mapping and LA-ICP-MS time-resolved spectra indicate that Ga is homogeneously distributed within sphalerite, excluding the presence of micron-scale Ga-bearing mineral inclusions. A strong positive correlation between Ga and Cu concentrations suggests that Ga incorporation is facilitated by the coupled substitution of Zn2+ by Cu+. Sphalerite geothermometry yields formation temperatures of 118–138 °C (average 126 °C for GGIMF is and ~129 °C for SPRFT), accompanied by intermediate sulfur fugacity conditions (lg fS2 = −22.9 to −21.2), which appear to favor Ga enrichment in sphalerite. The trace element geochemistry of the Zhaojinci sphalerite (Ga-Ge-Cd-enriched and Mn-In-Sn-Co-depleted), combined with its formation under low-temperature (120–180 °C) and intermediate fS2 conditions (within the pyrite stability field), is consistent with MVT-like mineralization. This interpretation is supported by multiple lines of geological evidence, including the strict confinement of stratabound Pb–Zn mineralization to the Devonian Xikuangshan Formation limestone, structural control by syn-sedimentary normal faults, pervasive dolomitization of the host rocks, and the absence of genetic relationship to magmatic activity. Moreover, the sphalerite geochemical signature, corroborated by an XGBoost-based machine learning classifier, reinforce the MVT-like affinity for the Zhaojinci mineralization. This study not only emphasizes the importance of low-temperature and intermediate-fS2 conditions in Ga enrichment within sphalerite, but also highlights the significance of discovering MVT-like sphalerite for Pb–Zn resource exploration in the South Hunan district, providing valuable new insights and directions for mineral prospecting in this geologically important region of South China.