Current and emerging innovations in technology, strategy, and artificial intelligence: a new era in cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been established for more than 60 years; however, its success rate remains low.Currently, the global incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is rising, ranging from 52.5 to 97.1 per 100,000 population. [1,2] Survival-to-discharge rates for OHCA and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) are not satisfactory, with ranges of 1.2%-9.9%and 9.1%-19.1%,respectively. [1][2[3][4] Therefore, advancements in technology and novel systemic approaches in CPR practice are needed to improve survival-to-discharge rates for OHCA and IHCA.Over the past decade, the integration of technology with novel strategies has accelerated the development of artificial intelligence (AI), transforming various fields.This integration is expected to profoundly influence the management of cardiac arrest, potentially reducing its incidence and improving resuscitation outcomes. [5] Current and emerging innovations in CPR can be categorized into three principal domains: technology, strategy, and AI.