Optimisation of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Date Seed Oil

Abstract Background Date seed waste (DSW), a byproduct of the date industry, can extract high-value oils. Using this biomass improves food industry sustainability. Aim This study aimed to optimise microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) parameters to maximise the oil yield from DSW. Method An optimisation approach was used for one-factor-at-a time (OFAT). The study examined the impact of microwave power (400–800 W), extraction time (10–20 min), and solvent volume (80–120mL) on oil yield. A second-order polynomial regression model predicted the extraction outcomes to ensure statistical reliability, and they performed each experiment 3 times. Results DoE analysis identified extraction time (F=20.96, p≤0.0001) and microwave power (F=13.56, p≤0.0001) as the most significant factors, whereas solvent volume had a lesser effect (p≥0.05). The model demonstrated a high predictive accuracy (R2=0.90). Optimal extraction conditions, which used 700 W microwave power, 15 min extraction time, and 80 mL solvent volume as H2O, achieved a validated maximum oil yield of 9.14 ± 0.124%. The prediction error was 4.6%, and validation showed no difference in yield (p≥0.05). Conclusions The MAE protocol effectively extracted oil from DSW and exhibited superior predictive capability compared to OFAT. Recommendation The DoE-optimised MAE protocol enables sustainable oil recovery from DSW, supporting valorisation and efficiency.