Design strategies in developing MXene-based anti-icing/deicing coatings: toward energy-efficient and durable solutions

MXene-based coatings have emerged as highly efficient materials for anti-icing and deicing applications, offering a combination of photo- and electrothermal properties. These coatings leverage high electrical conductivity, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and thermal stability of MXenes, particularly Ti3C2Tx, to achieve rapid ice melting and delayed freezing. Photo- and electrothermal coatings, which utilize solar energy and electric power, respectively, exhibit high efficiency in active deicing. Hybrid designs integrate superhydrophobicity, reducing heat transfer at the ice-coating interface and preventing secondary freezing. Functional modifications, such as hybridization with Ag nanowires (AgNWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), polydopamine (PDA), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), further enhance conductivity, mechanical stability, and oxidation resistance. In this review, we explore the latest advancements in MXene-based anti-icing/deicing strategies, categorizing them into photothermal, electrothermal, and hybrid mechanisms. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in the scalability, long-term durability, and oxidation resistance of MXenes under real-world conditions. In the conclusion section, this review also highlights potential solutions, including surface modifications, polymer encapsulation, and self-healing composites, the importance of AI-driven material design, and self-powered deicing systems.