The Art and Science of Item Writing: A Review of Established Guidelines for Multiple-Choice Questions

This review of guidelines for writing high-quality multiple-choice questions (MCQs) focuses on using MCQs to assess higher-order cognitive skills when designed effectively. While MCQs are widely used due to efficiency, poorly constructed items compromise assessment validity and student performance. Drawing from interdisciplinary research, we highlight best practices for item construction, including content alignment, stem clarity, distractor plausibility, and formatting consistency. We indicate common pitfalls and offer practical strategies to enhance the reliability, fairness, and diagnostic value of MCQs. By adhering to evidence-based principles, educators can create assessments that not only streamline assessment but also meaningfully measure student learning outcomes and higher-order cognitive skills.