Mechanisms by Which Low‐Temperature Plasma Exerts Bone Homeostasis

ABSTRACT Bone homeostasis is maintained by the balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Disruption of bone homeostasis is closely linked to various bone‐related diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, peri‐implantitis (PI), and periodontal disease (PD). The quest to reduce the incidence of complications and alleviate the side effects of current therapeutic strategies remain an ongoing challenge. Owing to its minimal side effects, good controllability, and high selectivity, low‐temperature plasma (LTP) has found a wide range of medical applications, such as promoting wound healing, killing tumor cells, and functioning as an antimicrobial agent. In recent years, LTP has also been increasingly utilized in orthopedics and dentistry, owing to its potential to promote osseointegration, facilitate the repair of bone defects, and exhibit anti‐inflammatory properties. In this paper, this paper discusses the biological effects and mechanisms of LTP on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and macrophages, as well as explore the potential differential impacts of various LTP sources and parameters. Additionally, this paper discusses the clinical applications of LTP in orthopedics and dentistry.