The role of vitamin D in oral health: biological mechanisms, clinical evidence, and future perspectives

Vitamin D is integral to maintaining skeletal health and has garnered increasing interest for its effects on oral health. In addition to supporting the skeletal system, vitamin D impacts oral structures such as alveolar bone and periodontal tissues. Contemporary studies indicate that vitamin D's anti-inflammatory properties, immune regulatory functions, and promotion of antimicrobial peptides may contribute to the prevention and management of oral diseases, including periodontitis and dental caries. Vitamin D (VDD) deficiency has been associated with reduced bone mineral density, increased tooth loss, and compromised periodontal health, underscoring its significance in both systemic and oral health contexts. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency remains highly prevalent, especially among children, pregnant women, and populations with limited sunlight exposure. Addressing VDD is essential for improving overall health and preventing oral diseases. This commentary examines the biological mechanisms underlying vitamin D's effects on oral health, discusses clinical evidence supporting its benefits, and emphasizes the necessity for future research and clinical strategies to address vitamin D deficiency within the field of dentistry.