Analysis of Malate and Other Di- and Tricarboxylic Acids Using Capillary Electrophoresis and Laser-Induced Photoluminescence Detection After Complexation with Europium Tetracycline

Fumarate, succinate, maleate, dihydroxyfumarate, D–tartarate, L–tartarate, DL–tartarate, L-malate, D-malate, oxaloacetate, citrate, and DL-isocitrate in the 5–100 μM concentration range were incubated in 12.5 mM HEPES/25 mM TRIS base containing 200 μM Eu3+–tetracycline and 60% (v/v) formamide (pH unadjusted). After 30 min of incubation, they were separated at 4 °C by capillary electrophoresis utilizing laser-induced luminescence detection with 12.5 mM HEPES/25 mM TRIS base containing 60% formamide as the running buffer. All analytes yielded peaks, with the exception of fumarate, succinate, and maleate. L-Malate was detected down to 100 nM. The main component of this study was the analysis of malate. The objective was to develop a stereoselective methodology for the detection of L-malate. This was achieved by varying the formamide concentration and separation temperature. When the temperature was increased to 22 °C and the formamide concentration decreased to 40%, the sensitivity for L-malate was diminished about 10-fold, but that for D-malate was eliminated. This combination of conditions allowed for the stereospecific analysis of L-malate.