Microbial Skin Infections in Contact Sports: Epidemiology and Prevention

Microbial skin infections are a major yet often underestimated concern in contact sports, posing health and performance risks for athletes. This narrative review examines the epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive strategies for three predominant infections—methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), dermatophytic tinea, and herpes gladiatorum—across contact sports such as wrestling, rugby, mixed martial arts (MMA), and American football. Literature from PubMed and Web of Science, along with CDC and NCAA reports, was reviewed to assess infection prevalence and control measures. Wrestling showed the highest incidence of herpes gladiatorum, while rugby and football reported notable MRSA and tinea outbreaks linked to close physical contact and shared facilities. Key transmission factors include skin abrasions, inadequate hygiene, contaminated equipment, and inconsistent adherence to preventive guidelines. Effective prevention requires routine athlete screening, rigorous personal and environmental hygiene, targeted pharmacologic prophylaxis, and athlete education. Although existing guidelines from sports authorities provide valuable frameworks, gaps remain in standardization and implementation across sports. Future research should focus on antimicrobial resistance trends, rapid screening tools, and behavioral interventions to enhance compliance. Strengthening coordinated hygiene protocols and evidence-based preventive strategies is essential to safeguard athlete health and maintain competitive integrity.