Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of E. Coli in Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant health issue for pregnant women, primarily due to physiological and anatomical changes during pregnancy that increase susceptibility. This review investigates the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli (E. coli), the leading cause of UTIs in pregnant women in Nigeria. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) has been identified as the primary pathogen, with studies indicating high prevalence rates across various regions of Nigeria. The rise in antibiotic-resistant UPEC strains poses a considerable challenge for treatment, often leading to complications. Contributing factors include poor socioeconomic conditions, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and the misuse of antibiotics, which exacerbate the situation. The review evaluates various diagnostic methods, including urine culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, emphasizing the necessity for accurate and timely detection to effectively manage UTIs. The impact of UTIs during pregnancy is significant, potentially resulting in preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal morbidity if untreated. The importance of routine screening, antibiotic stewardship, and enhanced surveillance is highlighted as essential strategies to mitigate these adverse outcomes and improve maternal and neonatal health. Public health interventions are urgently needed to enhance diagnostic infrastructure, implement effective antibiotic stewardship programs, and strengthen surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns. Additionally, educating healthcare providers and patients on the prudent use of antibiotics and the importance of early detection and treatment of UTIs is crucial. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving improved healthcare practices, policies, and continuous research, aiming to enhance health outcomes for both mothers and infants in Nigeria.