Enhancing mechanical and morphological properties of PLA composites reinforced with Curcuma longa extraction residue via fused deposition modeling

In the realm of additive manufacturing, the quest for innovative materials has led to the exploration of agricultural waste derived natural additives to improve the qualities of 3D-printed objects. This research examines the mechanical and morphological characteristics of Turmeric Extraction Residue powder (Tr) infused polylactic acid (PLA) composites fabricated through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The study explores various Tr concentrations (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) to optimize the mechanical performance and material properties of PLA composites for 3D printing applications. Turmeric extraction residue powder particles were sieved to a size range of 50–100 μm and uniformly dispersed within the PLA matrix using ultrasonication, followed by extrusion into filaments with a consistent diameter of 1.75 mm. The composites were characterized using tensile, flexural, compression, hardness, wear, and morphological tests, adhering to ASTM standards. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted to analyze crystallographic properties and antibacterial effects, respectively. The 1.5% Tr/PLA composite demonstrated superior tensile strength (42.226 MPa), flexural strength (89.25 MPa), and optimal wear resistance, making it the most promising formulation. The composites were processed using an FDM printing temperature of 200°C–210°C, which may have contributed to changes in the material’s antibacterial performance. Despite the mechanical enhancements, a key limitation of the study is that the antimicrobial properties were compromised at these elevated processing temperatures. These findings offer insights into the formulation of Tr/PLA composites, highlighting the balance between mechanical reinforcement and processing conditions for advanced 3D printing applications. Furthermore, the incorporation of turmeric waste not only enhances mechanical properties but also introduces bio-inspired natural color into 3D printing materials, expanding the esthetic and functional possibilities of printed objects.