Safety Management Technology Challenges and Development Trends Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Power Batteries

The rapid adoption of new energy vehicles (NEVs) has intensified concerns regarding power battery safety, with thermal runaway incidents posing critical risks to widespread deployment. This review systematically examines three fundamental challenges: (1) multi-physics coupling mechanisms in thermal runaway propagation, (2) state estimation inaccuracies under dynamic operating conditions, and (3) system-level safety integration gaps. Through analysis of 28 seminal studies, we identify breakthrough technologies including electrochemical-thermal coupled early warning systems (accuracy improved by 40-60%), hybrid state estimation algorithms (error <2%), and hierarchical protection architectures. Emerging trends point toward intelligent safety management systems integrating digital twins and edge computing, with solid-state batteries potentially reducing thermal risks by 70-90%. The findings provide a roadmap for next-generation battery safety strategies, addressing critical knowledge gaps at the intersection of materials science and intelligent control systems.