Monetary policy shocks and sectoral heterogeneity in clean energy markets

Clean energy transitions are central to achieving global sustainability goals, yet their progress depends partly on how macroeconomic forces shape green financial markets. This paper investigates the impact of US monetary policy shocks on nineteen clean energy stock indices from 2010 to 2023. Using panel factor models and structural Bayesian VARs, we identify a significant common factor that explains up to 60% of the sectoral variation. However, sectoral responses are heterogeneous: energy storage, green IT, and wind stocks react positively, while smart grid, green building, and transportation stocks respond negatively to monetary policy shocks. These results indicate that monetary policy can shift resources toward specific clean energy sectors but also reveal the vulnerability of other sectors to financial conditions, creating potential barriers to achieving environmental objectives.