Sex differences in abnormal gluten response and predictors of gluten sensitivity in patients with schizophrenia

This is the first study to examine sex-related differences and illness stage in the immune response to gluten among SZ patients. Stronger inflammatory responses were found in men, suggesting sex-related disparities in gluten-related immune activation. These findings highlight a complex interplay between hormones, immune function, intestinal barrier integrity, and psychiatric symptoms. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and their clinical significance.