Unexpected consequences of taxonomic misidentification for the conservation of an endangered species

Abstract Taxonomy plays a fundamental role in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Despite its importance, taxonomy is often disconnected from on‐the‐ground biodiversity conservation and management activities. Here we report the unexpected and contrasting outcomes of taxonomic misidentification of the endangered conifer Abies hickelii (Pinaceae) during restoration and forestry activities in the mountains of eastern Mexico. Local communities mistakenly collected seeds of A. hickelii , believing them to be of the commercially valuable A. religiosa . These seeds were used to produce seedlings for reforestation programmes and planted within the species' natural range, unintentionally boosting population numbers. However, during forestry activities, the same misidentification led to A. hickelii being logged as if it were A. religiosa , without compliance with endangered species regulations. This resulted in population declines and altered demographic structure. In both cases, actors (i.e., local communities, forest managers, and government officers) were unaware that their activities involved an endangered and legally protected species or the wider implications of their actions. The ecological consequences, changes in A. hickelii numbers, and legal ramifications resulting from these misidentifications highlight the critical role of accurate taxonomy in biodiversity conservation. Improved integration of taxonomic expertise into biodiversity management and policy implementation is crucial to avoid such unintended outcomes.