From Particles to Firms: A Metaphorical Typology of Technological Relations, Evidence from the Nanotechnology Sector

ABSTRACT The idea of linking knowledge across disciplines to form unified theoretical structures has long attracted scientific interest. Building on this tradition, and employing the metaphor research strategy, this study constructs a typology of interfirm technological relationships inspired by the dynamics of interparticle interactions in chemistry. Interparticle interactions were selected as the metaphorical base due to their diversity, predictability and structural relevance. A systematic mapping process yielded 14 ideal types of technological relationships, including a novel form—‘crowd acquisition’—inspired by the positive ion‐induced dipole interaction, reflecting decentralized innovation sourcing. To assess the model's conceptual validity, we applied it to a previously studied case of asymmetric technological collaborations (ATCs) in the Iranian nanotechnology sector, focusing on corporate venture capital (CVC) as an analogue to dative bonds. Rather than introducing new data, we re‐examined prior findings to evaluate their consistency with metaphor‐based predictions. The analysis confirmed that recipient learning undermines relational stability, while network ties and host region development enhance it; collaboration diversity followed an inverted U‐shaped pattern. The study concludes with implications for strategic technology management and highlights the value of scientific metaphors in generating novel insights.