Magnetoelectric Microenvironment Regulates Bmscs Osteogenic Metabolism Via Mitochondrial Pathways

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which a magnetoelectric microenvironment promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via mitochondrial metabolic regulation. A magnetoelectric microenvironment was established using CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃/P(VDF-TrFE) composite membranes under a 2300–2400 Oe magnetic field. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed via JC-1 staining. Oxygen consumption rate and ATP production were measured using a Seahorse analyzer. Western blot evaluated key glycolysis (GPI, PFK, LDH) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS; COX I-IV) enzymes. Metabolomics analyzed in vivo metabolic activity in a rat cranial defect model. BMSCs cultured in the magnetoelectric microenvironment exhibited an increased mitochondrial membrane potential, the highest oxygen consumption rate and enhanced adenosine triphosphate production. Furthermore, BMSCs in the magnetoelectric microenvironment demonstrated a successful metabolic switch of energy resource from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, indicating a strong tendency toward osteogenic differentiation. The highest multiclass metabolite profile, indicating the most active metabolic state, was shown in rats cranial defect model treated with magnetoelectric microenvironment. This research introduces a novel approach to accelerate bone defect repair by targeted modulation of BMSC mitochondria with magnetoelectric microenvironment, and provides a promising direction for exploring the intrinsic mechanisms through which the magnetoelectric microenvironment promotes bone regeneration.