Artificial intelligence competency among academics in Nigeria: A roadmap for ethical usage in the fifth industrial revolution (5IR)

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming higher education worldwide by enhancing teaching, research, and academic productivity. Despite these advancements, the adoption of AI among academics in Nigeria remain suneven, and the ethical dimensions of its integration are still developing within institutional contexts. Purpose This study aims to investigate the types of AI tools used by Nigerian academics, the frequency and competence of their use, the challenge sencountered, and institutional strategies for promoting ethical and inclusive AI adoption in the context of the Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR). Research Design A mixed-methods approach was employed within a descriptive research design to capture both quantitative and qualitative insights on AI usage patterns among academics. Study Sample Six federal universities one from each geopolitical zone were purposively selected to ensure national representation. A total of 1,244 academic staff members participated, recruited through multistage and snowball sampling using ASUU (Academic Staff Union of Universities) WhatsApp groups and institutional email lists. Data Collection and/or Analysis Data were collected over a 12-week period using a semi-structured online survey consisting of closed- and open-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were interpreted using narrative analysis to uncover underlying themes and experiences. Results Findings reveal that general-purpose AI tools such as ChatGPT and language enhancement platforms like Grammarly and QuillBot are widely used with relatively high user competence. However, advanced AI research tools such as Elicit remain underutilized. Major barriers to effective use include inadequate infrastructure, lack of institutional policies, and limited digital literacy among faculty members. Conclusions The study provides a practical, context-sensitive roadmap for promoting ethical and inclusive AI usage in Nigerian higher education. It emphasizes policy formulation, culturally responsive faculty training, infrastructure development, curriculum integration, and governance mechanisms to ensure responsible AI practices. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, institutional leaders, and educators striving to close the AI adoption gap in the 5IR era.