Numerical computation of thermal radiation effect in electrically magnetized tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across rotating disk

In the present study, the researchers analyzed the influence of ternary nanoparticles on fluid flow and heat transfer to evaluate the thermal characteristics of ternary hybrid nanofluids under the effects of a heat source/sink. For the new composition to have uniform flow and thermodynamic characteristics, Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis features are included into energy and mass equations. The ternary hybrid nanofluid under consideration are consisting of iron oxide F e 3 O 4 , zinc oxide Z n O , silver A g nanoparticles and base fluid water H 2 O by considering the effects of activation energy variables on the flow of a THNF over rotating disk under the convective boundary conditions and electromagnetic forces. The model takes into account the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, Hall, electromagnetic field and Joule heating. The similarity transformations are used to convert the system of partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations and then applied bvp4c code of MATLAB to compute the results. The impact of several significant variables on the fluid concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles is computed and the results are presented on graphs. By changing the volume fractions of nanoparticles, a comparison between nanofluid (NF), hybrid nanofluid (HNF), and ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) is carried out. Enhanced diffusion from thermal radiation raises temperature, but Lorentz forces from the magnetic field lower flow velocities, which affects energy transfer and formation of boundary layer. According to the results, THNF considerably improves heat transport; in comparison to NF, the Nusselt number might increase by up to 23 %. Skin friction coefficients, on the other hand, show that flow resistance rises with increasing volumetric concentration. The correctness of the model is confirmed by validating it against the body of available literature under limiting conditions. It is important to highlight that this work is helpful for developing cooling systems for hybrid engines, co-rotating turbines, rotary machines, improved oil extraction systems, and medical sectors that use nanofluids.