The Analysis of Safety Climate in Building Construction Projects in Tanzania; Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach

Worker safety remains a significant challenge in Tanzania’s construction industry, mirroring trends in many developing nations. The main goal of this study is to explore indicators to analyse the safety climate on construction sites. The sample size of 255 building construction projects in five Tanzanian regions, namely Arusha Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Mbeya and Mwanza. This study employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using Smart PLS to conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to reduce the 143 explored factors into the 19 most important ones using Smart PLS 4. Based on overall model fit indices, the determined standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.09 < 0.1, Normed fit index (NFI) = 0.545, and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.762, and p-value of 0.000 was obtained. The research will assist policymakers, and construction contractor companies’ safety professionals in analysing the safety climate in construction sites.