Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality and Haptic-Integrated Clinical Simulation System for OSCE-Based Blood-Related Procedures

Simulation-based training is widely adopted in medical education to improve procedural competence. In blood-related procedures such as arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA), blood culture, and transfusion, repeated clinical practice is constrained by safety concerns, equipment costs, and instructor dependence. To address these limitations, a virtual reality (VR) and haptic integrated simulation system was developed for Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)-based training. The system, implemented in Unity and operated through a Meta Quest headset and haptic device, integrates visual, tactile, and interactive modules to guide learners through standardized OSCE procedures while providing immersive environments with real-time feedback and automated performance tracking. A total of 50 healthcare students participated in an IRB-approved evaluation covering three OSCE scenarios. The assessment included both a technical performance test and a post-simulation user survey. During the technical evaluation, system logs were analyzed for frame rate (FPS), haptic response rate, and CPU/GPU utilization. The system maintained stable operation with average FPS values between 60 and 70 and no observable latency, confirming reliable synchronization between the visual and haptic components. Survey results showed positive responses exceeding 60% in key categories such as clinical applicability and learning effectiveness, with fewer than 10% negative ratings. Reliability analysis confirmed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.958) and moderate interrater agreement (Fleiss’ κ=0.482). Overall, the developed VR and haptic system demonstrated stable performance, strong user acceptance, and high educational potential, providing a realistic and repeatable training platform for OSCE-based blood-related procedures.