A Vector-Based Computational Model of Multimodal Insect Learning Walks

Navigation is crucial for animal survival, and despite their small brains, insects are impressive at it. For example, desert ants acquire environmental information by learning to walk before foraging, enabling them to return home accurately over long distances. These learning walks involve multimodal sensory experiences and induce neuroplastic changes in the Central Complex (CX) and the Mushroom Body (MB) of ants' brains, making them a key topic in behavioural science, neuroscience, and computational modelling. To address unresolved questions in how ants integrate sensory cues and adapt navigation strategies, we propose a computational model that achieves multisensory integration during learning walks. Central to this model is a novel Learning Vector mechanism that dynamically combines visual, olfactory, and path integration inputs to guide movement decisions. Specifically, the agent in our model determines the degree to which it deviates from the homing direction by evaluating the familiarity of the environment. In this way, agents could strike a balance between their tendency to explore and the need to return safely to the nest. Our model replicates key features reported in biological studies and accounts for individual and inter-species variability by tuning parameters such as cue preferences and environmental parameters. This flexibility enables the simulation of species-specific learning walks and supports a unified view of sensory integration and behavioural adaptation. Moreover, it yields testable predictions that may inform future investigations into the neural and behavioural mechanisms underlying insects' learning walks. How the proposed model could be adapted for robotics navigation has also been discussed.