Comparison of Uranium Leachability Between Three Groundwater Aquifers in Relation to the Degree of Bedrock Weathering: A Petro-Mineralogical and Experimental Investigation

The concentrations of natural radioactive elements in the groundwater environment are regulated by several factors, including aquifer geology, groundwater hydrochemical properties, and changes in environmental conditions. Many studies have explored these factors, but few have systematically elucidated the mechanisms underlying the dissolution of radioactive elements from their host minerals into groundwater. This study investigated the petrological, mineralogical, and weathering properties of aquifer materials and their effects on the leaching of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) into groundwater. The time required for the U concentration to reach the drinking water standard (30 μg/L) was estimated through artificial weathering experiments performed under diverse environmental conditions. Rock core samples were obtained from three sites differing in their geology and groundwater U concentrations. Mineralogical analyses revealed that thorite, a representative radioactive mineral that contains large amounts of U and Th, was present in samples from all collection sites. Thorite minerals differed in terms of their sizes, shapes, cracks, and chemical compositions between samples from different sites, indicating that geological features, mineral alteration characteristics, and environmental conditions controlled the behavior of U and Th. These factors appear to play crucial roles in regulating the mobility and potential long-term leachability of U and Th. Artificial weathering experiments confirmed that a neutral pH with surplus bicarbonate ions favored U leaching. Under these environmental conditions, aquifer U concentrations were estimated to require 8.7–226 years to reach the drinking water standard, depending on the groundwater dissolved oxygen content. Our results provide scientific evidence that may be used for managing radioactive elements in the groundwater environment, and are likely to inform new environmental policies and regulatory standards.